Clinical  Research With IMT Technology

IMT technology has undergone more than 10 years of clinical investigations involving more than 400 patients trained in the system. That's far more patients than all other systems tested worldwide -- combined!

Published results include the following:

Aisen, M.L.; Krebs, H.I.; McDowell, F.; Hogan, N.; Volpe, B.T.; "The Effect of Robot Assisted Therapy and Rehabilitative Training on Motor Recovery Following a Stroke"; Arch of Neurol; 54:443-446, 1997.

Krebs, H.I.; Brashers-Krug, T.; Rauch, S.L.; Savage, C.R.; Hogan, N.; Rubin, R.H.; Fischman, A.J.; Alpert, N.M.; "Robot-Aided Functional Imaging: Application to a Motor Learning Study", Human Brain Mapping; John Wiley & ‘Sons, 6:59-72; 1998.

Krebs, H.I.; Hogan, N.; Aisen, M.L.; Volpe, B.T.; "Robot-Aided Neuro-Rehabilitation", IEEE – Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, 6:1:75-87; 1998.

Krebs, H.I.; Hogan, N.; Aisen, M.L.; Volpe, B.T.; "Quantization of Continuous Arm Movements in Humans with Brain Injury", Proc. Nat. Acad. of Science 96:4645-4649, 1999.

Hogan, N.; Doeringer, J.A.; Krebs, H.I.; "Arm Movement Control is both Continuous and Discrete", Cognitive Studies; Bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society, 6:3:254-273,1999.

Volpe, B.T., Krebs, H.I., Hogan, N., Edelstein, L., Diels, C.M., Aisen, M.L.; "Robot Training Enhanced Motor Outcome in Patients with Stroke maintained over 3 years", Neurology, 53:1874-1876, 1999.

Krebs, H.I., Volpe, B.T., Aisen, M.L., Hogan, N.; "Robotic Applications in Neuromotor Rehabilitation", Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 5:3, pp.50-63, 1999.

Volpe, B.T., Krebs, H.I., Hogan, N., Edelstein, L., Diels, C.M., Aisen, M.; "A Novel Approach to Stroke Rehabilitation: Robot Aided Sensorymotor Stimulation", Neurology, 54:1938-1944, 2000.

Reinkensmeyer, D.J.; Hogan, N.; Krebs, H.I.; Lehman, S.L.; Lum,P.S.; "Rehabilitators, Robots, and Guides: New Tools for Neurological Rehabilitation"; In: Winters, J.M., Crago, P.E. (eds); Biomechanics and Neural Control of Movement; Springer-Verlag, 2000.

Krebs, H.I., Volpe, B.T., Aisen, M.L., Hogan, N.; "Increasing Productivity and Quality of Care: Robot-Aided Neurorehabilitation", VA Journal of Rehabil Res and Dev, 37:6:639-652, 2000.

Krebs, H.I.; Volpe, B.T.; Palazzolo, J.; Rohrer, B.; Ferraro, M.; Fasoli, S.; Edelstein, L.; Hogan, N.; "Robot-Aided Neuro-Rehabilitation in Stroke: Interim Results on the Follow-up of 76 Patients and on Movement Performance Indices"; In: Mounir Mokhtari (ed); Integration of Assistive Technology in the Information Age; IOS Press, Assistive Technology Research Series, Amsterdam, 2001.

Krebs, H.I., Hogan, N., Hening, W., Adamovich, S., Poizner, H.; "Procedural Motor Learning in Parkinson’s Disease"; Exp. Brain Res. 141:425-437 (2001).

Volpe, B.T., Krebs, H.I., Hogan, N.; Is robot-aided sensorimotor training in stroke rehabilitation a realistic option? , Current Opinion in Neurology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 14:745-52(2001).

Krebs, H.I.; Volpe, B.T.; Ferraro, M.; Fasoli, S.; Palazzolo, J.; Rohrer, B.; Edelstein, L.; Hogan, N.; "Robot-Aided Neuro-Rehabilitation: From Evidence-Based to Science-Based Rehabilitation"; Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation; 8:4:54-70, 2002.

Rohrer, B., Fasoli, S., Krebs, H.I., Hughes, R., Volpe, B. Frontera, W.R., Stein, J., Hogan, N., "Movement Smoothness Changes during Stroke Recovery", J. Neurosci, 22:18: 8297-8304 (2002).

Volpe, BT, Krebs, HI, Hogan, N Robot aided sensori-motor training in stroke rehabilitation. In JB HJM Barnett, H Meldrum (Ed.), Ischemic Stroke: Advances in Neurology, Lippincott, 92:429-433(2003).

Fasoli, S.D., Krebs, H.I., Stein, J., Frontera, W.R. and Hogan, N., Effects of Robotic Therapy on Motor Impairment and Recovery in Chronic Stroke, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehab; 84:477-82 (2003).

Krebs, H.I., Volpe, B.T., Aisen, M.L., Hening, W., Adamovich, S., Poizner, H., Subrahmanyan, K, Hogan, N., Robotic Applications in Neuromotor Rehabilitation, Robotica, 21:3-11 (2003).

Hogan, N, Krebs, HI, Rohrer, B, Fasoli, S, Stein, J, Volpe, BT, Technology for Recovery after Stroke, In J.Bogousslavsky, M.P. Barnes, B. Dobkin (Eds.), Recovery after Stroke, Cambridge Press (2003).

Krebs, H.I., Palazzolo, J.J., Dipietro, L., Ferraro, M., Krol, J., Rannekleiv, K., Volpe, B.T., Hogan, N., Rehabilitation Robotics: Performance-based Progressive Robot-Assisted Therapy, Autonomous Robots, Kluwer Academics 15:7-20 (2003).

Ferraro, M.; Palazzolo, J.J.; Krol, J.; Krebs, H.I.; Hogan, N.; Volpe, B.T.; Robot Aided Sensorimotor Arm Training Improves Outcome in Patients with Chronic Stroke, Neurology, 61:1604-1607 (2003).

Krebs, H.I.; Celestino, J.; Williams, D.; Ferraro, M.; Volpe, B.T.; Hogan, N.; "A Wrist Extension to MIT-MANUS;" In Z. Bien and D. Stefanov (Eds.); Advances in Human-Friendly Robotic Technologies for Movement Assistance / Movement Restoration for People with Disabilities; Springer-Verlag 2004.

Fasoli, SD, Krebs, HI, Stein, J, Frontera, WR, Hughes R, and Hogan, N, Robotic Therapy for Chronic Motor Impairments after Stroke: Follow-Up Results, ArchPhysMedRehab; 85:1106-1111 (2004).

Fasoli, S.D., Krebs, H.I., Ferraro, M., Hogan, N., and Volpe, B.T., Does Shorter Rehabilitation Limit Potential Recovery Poststroke? Neurorehabilitation & Neural Repair, 18:2:88-94 (2004).

Hogan, N.; Krebs, H.I.; "Interactive Robots for Neuro-Rehabilitation;" In Platz (ed); Special Issue on Motor System Plasticity, Recovery, and Rehabilitation, Restorative Neurology & Neurosc, (2004).

Krebs, H.I., Volpe, B.T., Lenninhan, L., Fasoli, S., Lynch, D., Dominick, L., Hogan, N.; "Notes on Rehabilitation Robotics and Stroke," In. F. Lofaso, A. Roby-Brami, J.F. Ravaud (Eds.); Technological Innovations and Handicap, Frison Roche, pp.177-194 (2004).

Volpe, B.T., Ferraro, M., Lynch, D., Christos, P., Krol, J., Trudell, C., Krebs, H.I., Hogan, N.; "Robotics and Other Devices in the Treatment of Patients Recovering from Stroke," Cur Artheroscler Rep, 6:314–319 (2004).

Krebs, H.I., Ferraro, M., Buerger, S.P., Newbery, M.J., Makiyama, A., Sandmann, M., Lynch, D., Volpe, B.T., Hogan, N.; "Rehabilitation Robotics: Pilot Trial of a Spatial Extension for MIT-Manus," Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, Biomedcentral, 1:5 (2004).

Stein, J., Krebs, H.I., Frontera, W.R., Fasoli, S.E., Hughes, R., Hogan, N., "Comparison of Two Techniques of Robot-Aided Upper Limb Exercise Training After Stroke," American Journal Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 83:9:720-728 (2004).

Rohrer, B., Fasoli, S., Krebs, H.I., Volpe, B, Frontera, W.R., Stein, J., Hogan, N., "Submovements Grow Larger, Fewer, and More Blended During Stroke Recovery," Motor Control, 8:472-483 (2004).

Fasoli, S.E., Krebs, H.I., Hogan, N., "Robotic Technology and Stroke Rehabilitation: Translating Research into Practice," Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 11:4:11-19, 2004.

Stein, J., Hughes, R., Fasoli, S., Krebs, H.I., Hogan, N., "Clinical Applications of Robots in Rehabilitation," Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 17(3):217-230 (2005).

Dipietro, L., Ferraro, M., Palazzolo, J.J., Krebs, H.I., Volpe, B.T., Hogan, N., "Customized Interactive Robotic Treatment for Stroke: EMG-Triggered Therapy," IEEE Transaction Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 13:3:325-334 (2005).

Finley, M.A., Fasoli, S.E., Dipietro, L., Ohlhoff, J., MacClellan, L., Meister, C., Whitall, J., Macko, R., Bever, C.T., Krebs, H.I., Hogan, N., "Short Duration Upper Extremity Robotic Therapy in Stroke Patients with Severe Upper Extremity Motor Impairment," VA Journal Rehabilitation Research and Development, 42(5):683-692 (2005).

Daly, J., Hogan, N., Perepezko, E., Krebs, H.I., Rogers, J., Goyal, K., Dohring, M., Fredrickson, E., Nethery, J., Ruff, R., "Response To Upper Limb Robotics and Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation Following Stroke," VA Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 42(6)723-736 (2005).

MacClellan, L.R., Bradham, D.D., Whitall, J., Volpe, B., Wilson, P.D., Ohlhoff, J., Meister, C., Hogan, N., Krebs, H.I., Bever, C.T., " Robotic Upper Extremity Neuro-Rehabilitation in Chronic Stroke Patients," VA Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 42(6)717-722 (2005).

Krebs, H.I.; Hogan, N.; Durfee, W.; Herr, H.; Rehabilitation Robotics, Orthotics, and Prosthetics; Chapter 48; In M.E. Selzer, S. Clarke, L.G. Cohen, P.W. Duncan, F.H. Gage (Eds); Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation; Cambridge University Press 2006.

Fasoli, SE, Krebs, HI, Hughes R, Stein J, and Neville Hogan, N; "Functionally-Based Rehabilitation Robotics: A Next Step?," International Journal of Assistive Robotics and Mechatronics, 7(2)26-30 (2006)

Krebs, H. I., Hogan, N.; "Robotic Rehabilitation Therapy," Wiley Encyclopedia Biomedical Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc 2006.

Krebs, H.I.; "Those Magnificent Men and Their Flying Machines," 43(5) (2006)

Hogan, N., Krebs, H.I., Rohrer, B., Palazzolo, J.J., Dipietro, L., Fasoli, S.E., Stein, J., Frontera, W.R., Volpe, B.T., "Motions or Muscles? Some Behavioral Factors Underlying Robotic Assistance of Motor Recovery," VA Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 43(5)605-618 (2006).

Carignan, C.R., Krebs, H. I. "Telerehabilitation Robotics: Bright Lights, Big Future?"; VA Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 43(5)695-710 (2006).

Krebs, H.I., Hogan, N., "Therapeutic Robotics: A Technology Push," Proceedings of IEEE, Special Issue on Medical Robotics, 94(9)1727-1738 (2006).

Palazzolo, J.J., Ferraro, M., Krebs, H.I., Lynch, D., Volpe, B.T., Hogan, N., "Stochastic Estimation of Arm Mechanical Impedance during Robotic Stroke Rehabilitation," IEEE Transaction Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 15(1)94-103 (2007).

Levy-Tzedek, S., Krebs, H.I., Shils, J.L., Apetaurova, D., Arle, J.E. "Parkinson’s Disease: A Motor Control Study Using a Wrist Robot," Advance Robotics, 21(10)1201-1213 (2007).

Krebs, H.I., Volpe, B.T., Williams, D., Celestino, J., Charles, S.K., Lynch, D., Hogan, N. "Robot-Aided Neurorehabilitation: A Robot for Wrist Rehabilitation," IEEE Transaction Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 15(3)327-335 (2007).

Masia, L, Krebs, HI, Cappa, P, Hogan, N. ""Design and Characterization of Hand Module for Whole-Arm Rehabilitation Following Stroke," IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 12(4)399-407 (2007).

Dipietro L, Krebs HI, Fasoli SE, Volpe BT, Stein J, Bever C, Hogan N: Changing motor synergies in chronic stroke, J. Neurophysiology, 98:757-768 (2007).

Henriques, D.; Soechting, J.; "Bias and sensitivity in the haptic perception of geometry"; Exp. Brain Res (2003) 150:95-108

Malfait, N; Shiller, D.M.; Ostry, D.J.;"Transfer of Motor Learning Across Arm Configurations";  Journal of Neuroscience; 22(22):9656-9660, November 15, 2002.

Edelstein, L.; Hogan, N.; "Robot-Aided Neuro-Rehabilitation in Stroke: Interim Results on the Follow-up of 76 Patients and on Movement Performance Indices" in: Mounir Mokhtari (ed); Integration of Assistive Technology in the Information Age; IOS Press, Assistive Technology Research Series, Amsterdam, 2001.

Henriques, D.; Soechting, J.; "Bias and sensitivity in the haptic perception of geometry"; Exp. Brain Res (2003) 150:95-108

Hogan, N. (2002) Skeletal Muscle Impedance in the Control of Motor Actions. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 2(3 & 4):359-373

Hogan, N. and Breedveld, P.C. (2002) The Physical Basis of Analogies in Physical System Models. in: Bishop, R.H. (ed.) The Mechatronics Handbook, CRC Press, chapter 15